Introduction: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common problem among the admitted neonates in Intensive care Units. In most of the patients, ARF accompanies with a predisposing factor such as sepsis, heart failure, perinatal asphyxia or prematurity. Due to the relatively high prevalence of ARF in neonates, the present study emphasizes on the fact that misdiagnosis and under treatment of ARF can lead to adverse complications. So, our objective is to find the frequency and etiology of renal failure among the admitted newborns in a NICU.Materials and Methods: In this study, the profiles of 2400 admitted newborns in the NICU of Bahman 22nd Hospital of Mashhad over a period of 5 years were reviewed. There were 50 newborns with the inclusion criteria of renal failure. Patients’ serum creatinin and urine volumes were measured and compared with a standard table. Finally, the data was analyzed by SPSS, setting a significance level of P£0.05.Results: The prevalence rate of ARF was found to be 2.1% with a rate of 2.3% among the male neonates and that of 1.8% among the females which was not significantly different (P=0.093). Concerning the type of renal failure, 18 neonates (36%) were diagnosed as renal ARF, 31 neonates (62%) as pre-renal ARF and 1 neonate (2%) as post-renal ARF. In this study, the most common causes of ARF were dehydration (28%), respiratory distress syndrome (18%), Icterous and poor feeding (16%), asphyxia (16%) and Infections (14%), respectively.Conclusion: Pre-renal factors, especially dehydration and poor feeding are the most common causes of Acute renal failure in newborns.

Honey is one of the most important agricultural products, and honey bees have borne many diseases from many long years. This study was done for identifying the honey bee mortality agents in lahijan province. The samples were collected from bee hives. Honey bees were divided by morphological properties in two groups; healthy and ill bees. They were inoculated into Sf9 cell lines for existing of Acute Paralysis Virus (APV). Results showed that, healthy bees (morphologically) did not show any CPE in cell lines, while, the ill ones produced CPE in these cell lines. Then, ill honey bees were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to this study, all ill honey bees have been infected by APV. But, we could not confirm our results by neutralization test with specific antisera, because they were not purchased. We sprayed the extract of ill honey bees on healthy bees, and it was seen the disease symptoms that it is due to contagious disease and there are external factors to induce the disease. Incidence of APV was evaluated seasonally. Incidence of disease in spring and summer (6 & 10 percent) were higher than autumn and winter (2 & 0 percent). It is showed that, the disease has higher incidence in warm seasons. In the base of virus family (Picornaviridae), it was predictable.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of Acute gastroenteritis, Acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

Case reports are valuable sources in medical studies and they play an equally important role in scientific progress. The case report goes a long way from 1600 BC to the present day. Facing new clinical cases by physicians and other researchers and reporting it as a clinical case report article can be a prelude to further studies. Unfamiliarity with the basic principles of writing case reports has reduced the willingness to write and publish these articles, especially by young researchers. Understanding this historical course and the correct way of writing a case report, in addition to its scientific value, can be a great educational experience, especially for medical students and young physicians. The purpose of this article is to provide a standard guide for writing and publishing case report articles.